A Case Study Of An English Learner s Use Of Carnegie...

A NativeAccent Case Study This paper describes a case study of an English L2 learner’s use of Carnegie Speech’s NativeAccent online speech recognition software. The target student, in this case study, significantly improved her English pronunciation and fluency through the individualized exercises offered by Native Accent’s Intelligent Tutor lessons. However, the student’s word stress results were considerably lower after completing all of the Intelligent Tutor lessons compared to her initial assessment results. Her grammar skills remained constant through this case study, exhibiting only a slight improvement. For this target student, NativeAccent represents an improvement over previous technologies designed to teach English pronunciation. Nevertheless, she expressed concerns regarding the software’s unforgiving nature, which for her was excessively stressful and counterproductive. Target Student The target student, who willingly participated in this case study, is a 43-year-old naturalized US citizen who grew up in Thailand. The student immigrated to the United States when she was 26 years old. She is as a highly proficient English L2 speaker who graduated from an international university in Bangkok, where all courses were taught in English. The target student’s initial NativeAccent online assessment revealed her baseline English proficiencies to be 74% correct pronunciation, 82% correct grammar, 98% correct word stress, and 88% correct fluency. The target student felt her

Analysis Of The Poem Four Time Pulitzer Prize Recipient...

Four time Pulitzer Prize recipient Robert Frost was an American poet who was exceedingly popular in the twentieth century. It’s easy to assume that almost every American with a high school equivalent education has heard of or read his work. Which I had before this class, although I had never really taken an interest in poetry or any poet in particular until this semester. As we grow older our perception of the world and the components of it change, this was the case for my newly found kinship with Frost. His calming and insightful words have become a beacon of worldly advice for my current perception of life. Three particular poems that infiltrated my heart and bound themselves to my conches; The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, and Dust of Snow. The Road Not Taken was published in 1916, almost 100 years before I would read and find direction from his words. On the first read through I knew that this poem would soon be a favorite of mine, as it is for so m any other people. This is understandable because of the poems timeless nature about an age old question, which path do I take? Throughout life we are faced with choice after choice, these choices form the route that becomes our life. So choosing your path when it comes to a fork in the road is a crucial part of where you end up and who you become. In the first stanza frost outlines an important factor of making a choice: Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be

Stefan’s Diaries Bloodlust Chapter 20 Free Essays

The next morning, I woke as someone shook my shoulder. â€Å"Go away,† I murmured. But the shaking was insistent. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 20 or any similar topic only for you Order Now My eyes snapped open, and I realized I was lying curled up next to one of the tents at Gallaghers freak show. â€Å"Did you sleep here?† Callie asked, crossing her arms over her chest. I sat up, rubbing the sleep from my eyes, thinking about the previous evening. Id returned to the circus grounds, unsure of where else to go and had fallen asleep there. â€Å"Good morning, Miss Callie,† I said, ignoring her question. I stood up and brushed dirt off the back of my pants. â€Å"How can I help you?† She shrugged. She was clad in a pink cotton dress that showed her tiny waist and freckled arms. The color stood in contrast to her flowing red hair, and she reminded me of a wild rose. â€Å"Were going to take a few days off from the show. Father made so much money, he wants the next event to be even bigger.† Callie smiled. â€Å"The first rule of show business: Keep em wanting more.† â€Å"Hows Da–the vampire?† I asked, shielding my eyes from the sun. While my ring protected me from the agony of the rays, the sun made me feel exposed and clumsy. The dark cloaked more than my fangs, and in the light of day, I constantly had to check to make sure I wasnt moving at lightning speed, responding to questions I shouldnt be able to hear, or following my urge to feed. Callie tucked a loose strand of rust-colored hair behind her ear. â€Å"The vampire is okay, I suppose. Father has its handlers tending to it around the clock. They dont want it to die. Not yet, anyway.† Not yetwas a small comfort, but it was something. It meant I still had time. She frowned slightly. â€Å"Of course, I hardly think they should let it die at all. What were doing to it, and to the animals it fights, is totally barbaric,† she said softly, almost speaking to herself. I looked up swiftly at the words. Was she more sympathetic to Damons plight than Id imagined? â€Å"Can I see him?† I asked, surprised at my boldness. Callie swatted my arm. â€Å"No! Not unless you pay up, like everyone else. Besides, hes not here.† â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"Oh,† she said, mocking me. Then her eyes softened. â€Å"I still cant believe you slept here. Dont you have a home?† I met her gaze straight on. â€Å"I had a disagreement with my family.† It wasnt exactly a lie. The freak show was starting to wake up. The strong man walked, bleary-eyed, out of a tent. Abruptly, he dropped down to the ground and began doing push-ups. The fortune-teller headed to the secluded part of the lake, towel in hand, no doubt for a bath. And two of the ever-present burly security men were watching Callie and me curiously. Callie clearly noticed as well. â€Å"Would you like to go for a walk?† she asked, leading the way down a dirt-packed road to the edge of the lake, out of sight of the show. She picked up a stone and threw it into the water, where it landed with a thunk. â€Å"I never could skip stones,† she said, in such a sad voice that I couldnt help but burst out laughing. â€Å"Whats so funny?† she asked, hitting my arm again. The swat was playful, but the bracelets she wore were twisted through with vervain, and the contact sent a wave of pain up my arm. She put her hand on my shoulder, concern creasing her forehead. â€Å"Are you okay?† I winced. â€Å"Yes,† I lied. â€Å"Okay . . .† she said, throwing me a skeptical look. She leaned down to pick up another stone and raised her light brown eyebrow at me before she threw it in the water. It fell with a harmless plop. â€Å"Tragic!† I picked up my own stone and aimed it across the water. It skipped five times before falling below the surface. Callie laughed and clapped her hands. â€Å"You must teach me!† â€Å"You have to flick your wrist. And pick a flat stone.† I spotted a smooth brown rock with a white band ringing the top. â€Å"Here.† I put the rock in her hands. â€Å"Now, flick,† I said, gingerly touching her skin, making sure my fingers didnt brush against the vervain. She closed her eyes and tossed the stone, which skipped once, before falling into the water. She threw her arms up in delight. â€Å"Thank you, Stefan,† she said, her eyes twinkling. â€Å"No more ,,stranger?† I teased. â€Å"Youve taught me something. That means were friends.† â€Å"Does it, now?† I said, taking another stone and tossing it in the water. Damon and I had skipped stones in the pond near our home in Mystic Falls. Wed make wishes and pretend that they would come true if we could guess the number of skips a stone would make. I closed my eyes briefly.If it skips five times, I’ll have a chance to free Damon, I thought. But this stone was heavier and sank after two skips. I shook my head, annoyed at myself for indulging in such a childish game. â€Å"So was that your biggest concern in the world? That you couldnt skip stones?† I teased, trying to reclaim the light tone of our outing. She smiled, but her eyes looked sad. â€Å"No. But dont you think pretend problems are much more manageable than real ones?† â€Å"Yes, I do,† I said quietly. The sun was steadily rising, lending the lake an orange glow. Several small skiffs were already on the water, casting their nets, and the wind whipped around our ears, a reminder that even though the sun felt warm, winter was well on its way. â€Å"Ive never talked to anyone about this. Thats rule number two of the Gallagher family business–dont trust anyone,† she said. â€Å"Your father seems tough,† I ventured, sensing her frustration. â€Å"Perhaps too tough?† â€Å"My father is fine,† Callie snapped. She scowled at me, hands on her hips. â€Å"Im sorry,† I said, raising my hands in surrender. I realized Id pushed too far too quickly. â€Å"That was out of line.† Callie let her hands fall to her sides. â€Å"No, Im sorry. Im just protective of him. Hes all I have.† â€Å"Where is your mother?† I asked. â€Å"Died when I was six,† Callie said simply. â€Å"I understand,† I said, thinking of my own mother. â€Å"Its hard, isnt it?† Callie plucked a blade of grass from the ground and shredded it between her fingernails. â€Å"I try to be strong. But after Mother died, Father threw himself into work.† â€Å"It seems that you do that as well.† â€Å"Now that Fathers got the vampire act worked out, I feel like things will change for the better. He has a short fuse that gets shorter the less money he has.† At the mention of the vampire act, I kicked the stones around the edge of the shore. A flurry of pebbles flew through the air and landed several meters into the lake with a violent splashing sound. â€Å"What was that?† Callie asked, alarm in her voice. I forced myself to smile, to look calm–human. In my anger, Id forgotten to hide my Power. â€Å"Advanced stone skipping.† Callie raised an eyebrow, as if she wanted to challenge me. But all she said was: â€Å"We should get back. Dad wants us to clean up the grounds.† I nodded. â€Å"Good idea.† Alone here with Callie, Id come so close to losing control. â€Å"Stefan,† Callie said. â€Å"I was thinking since we dont have the shows for a few nights, do you think you could show me the city?† â€Å"But I dont know the city,† I pointed out. â€Å"Youve been here longer than I have.† Callies cheeks flushed poppy red. â€Å"Father doesnt let me leave the house, unless its for work. But there are so many shows and adventures in New Orleans.† She looked up at me from beneath her long lashes. â€Å"Please? Ill feel safe if Im with you.† I nearly laughed at the irony of that statement, but the chuckle caught in my throat. Callie had it wrong: She wouldnt necessarily be safe with me, but I could use her to guarantee the safety of my brother. After all, she knew everything about Gallaghers Circus–including where her father was holding Damon. â€Å"Okay, lets do it,† I said. â€Å"Oh, well have such fun!† Callie clasped my hands and whirled me around. â€Å"Meet me at the park at the end of my street at nine oclock.† She rose onto her tiptoes and kissed my cheek. She was so close, I could practically feel her heart beating against my chest. I pulled away abruptly, my head pounding and my jaw aching. I turned my back to her as my canines extended with a click. I had to take five deep breaths before they retracted again. â€Å"Are you okay?† she asked, placing her hand on my shoulder. I plastered a smile on my face and turned back to her. â€Å"Just excited for tonight.† â€Å"Good,† Callie said, humming to herself as we walked back to the circus grounds. I ran my tongue over my teeth. It was true: I was excited for tonight. But excitement was akin to desire, and as Id been learning ever since I met Katherine, nothing good ever came from desire. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 20, Essay examples

Human Factors

Question : What is the Human Factors With Exaples ? Answer : Definition of Human Factors Integration Human Factors Integration is one of the prominent aspects of any operating industry. According to the According to the Health and Safety Executive Board of UK, Human factors refer to environmental, organizational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics, which influence behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety". It takes into view all the human factors, which are in accordance with the techniques and services that various industries provide. In fact, HFI (Human Factors Integration) is a plan with a definite purpose those are adopted in order to enhance the services and improve its application. In the words of H.L. Mencken, For every complex problem there is a solution that is simple, neat and wrong. Therefore, the humanistic involvement takes into account all the problems that arise and create measures to mitigate it and engage the dynamics of culture along with technology. There are many aspects of human factor integration like safety issues, work permits, healthy hazard assessment and the engineering. All these necessary factors control the implications of the human factors. According to the US MANPRINT, and the key legislations by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) a number of features and agendas are present. After the federal and higher authorities of civil aviation made it mandatory, these were included in the regulation. The decisions to induct the key elements and the plans for the procurement are essential parts of the human integration system. Over the years, a number of integration and elements must be improvised which will make to be considered while dealing with the facilities and assumptions of the particular industry. The inputs in the development plan and processes must meet the Automation, Line Operations and Fatigue Risk Management concerns. In regards to the aviation industry, there are a number of critical analyses involved in it but the demographics must help in improving the statistics of aviation and human factors. Key Elements of Human Factors Integration The varied human factors have always remained the subject of experiment and that with technological advancement and expansion of human resources a wider perspective of human factors has generated. In fact, rising global competition, changes in demographic trends and greater risk in application of technology have been forcing an integration of all the wide-ranging human factors. The integration of human factors is a more recent concern in the aviation industry and in this context, it should be mentioned that the third human factor seminar of EUROCONTROL in October 1998, focused chiefly on the integration ways and elements of these factors. The procedure of integration commences with the designing part of airports and flights, which have to be user-centered. This approach of design represents that particular philosophy of system designing which triggers most other approaches of HFI. The central approach to achieve a user-centered design is to transform every part of aviation industry intended to be used by humans corresponding to the characteristics of the human consumers. However, the integration of human factors needs to be enforced in the organization or industry otherwise there are chances that this would be treated as an unnecessary extra. A person, who is in the topmost level of the organization, must authorize this enforcement. HFI requires proper plan developing, determining responsibilities and roles along with conducting an analysis on Early Human Factors to understand the necessities and differences better. The key elements of HFI consists of several programmes; it includes management, responsibilities, chalking out plans, description of target audience, concentrating on technical processes, guidance, methods and tools (Barfield and Dingus 2013). The several aspects of human factors and issues regarding automation especially on flight deck have been a matter of concern for a long time in the aviation industry. With the panacea to overcome human errors, the ATM industry attempted to replace manual operations with technology but to counter the automation trend another design approach called human-centered automation emerged. This approach formed a foundation of what the design of human factors should aim to achieve. If identified, there are six prominent elements, which need to be considered in the process of HFI; work force, personnel, training programme, Task and Interface design, safety of the system along with evaluation of the health hazards are all the major aspects that are concentrated on. In the first place, workforce refers to the personnel strength, which should exactly be appropriate for the smooth functioning and management of the industry as well as support and train the system (Valavanis and Vachtsevanos 2014). Next comes the roles and accountability of the personnel; their aptitudes, human characteristics and experience should be judged well to integrate them well in the process of the system. Another significant aspect is of the training of the personnel to specify and evaluate the optimum blend of education and instructional systems. On-the-job training is integral to the assimilation of the human factors since it develops the required knowledge, competency and efficiency for t he available personnel to maintain and operate with effectiveness under the complete range of in service condition. On the other hand, it is very important to integrate all the human characteristics in the TID to execute perfection and lessen errors. The expertise of human factors can also be very useful in minimizing safety risks identifying whether the system is running in a normal or an anomalous way. Another key stage to integrate human factors is to identify and assess some of the health hazardous conditions of the workplace in the aviation industry. These include radiation, toxic fumes, vibration, shock or recoil, which can cause severe health damage and even death. Thus, the human factors are obligatory to be well integrated into the system giving attention to these specific stages mentioned in the literature with great importance. The Human Factor Integration System and its advantages: The identification of human error has led to the changing strategies of the human awareness system. A number of procedural operations compose of the interaction between the human entity and the services they enjoy. One needs to undertake the various aspects like the regularity of occurrence, strategies and reasons in order to include the visions of human error and derive conclusions. According to Deker, the important analysis of human error entails the elements of defense, violations, and incorrect assumptions (Daramola 2016).The incorporation in the industrial appliance for example flights, cockpits, necessary regulations and most importantly the probable safety and security issues, which is an obligation while boarding an aircraft. The term "human factors" has grown increasingly accepted, as the commercial aviation industry has realized that human error, rather than mechanical failure, underlies most aviation accidents and incidents. The maintenance of resource management (CRM) and crew resource management (MRM) must necessarily be an essential part of the application procedures. However, it is much broader in both its acquaintance base and capacity. Human factors engage in congregation of information concerning human abilities, and other characteristics of limitations and applying for effective human use. The recurrent systems, device, machines responsibilities, jobs, and environments must be coordinated to produce safe and comfortable submission of the execution and understanding. In aviation, human dynamics is accustomed for better comprehension on how humans can most safely and efficiently be integrated with the technology. The composition of the client and human preference must be addressed into design, preparation, policies, or procedures to help humans perform better. Safety and Efficiency of the System reducing cost: One of the significant advantages of human factor integration is the initiatives involved with the safety management issues. There is a healthy correlation between the human involvement, the organization and the subsequent technicalities involved in the whole system. The Human errors are partial reason or cause for the the number of several mishaps and discrepancies that occur in different areas. Therefore, a number of derivatives that have been composed of the production and tool of delivering the best are very essential. In fact, regardless of the number of mishaps and accidents, there are many chances of the following industry. It has been initiated that all the equipments and apparatus like the legal requirements, issues regarding the ultimate discourses. The enhancement of the resilience has been given importance with the inherent practices that the safety should not be incorporated as an absence of something, it is about the presence of something which is important for the scen ario. The perspective and opinion of the major resilient force, in the words of Sidney Dekker have been mentioned. The various accidents can be significantly reduced: In case of certain situations there are disruptions and causalities in the accounts of developing the best engineering that should be compatible to the ultimate scenario. The call for the emergency and sustenance is important for the various considerations. The accountability action should be compatible with learning. The post negligence conducts of the actions and current scenario of the aviation industry. The standard of good practice in human performance determines the just culture of the scenario that must be necessitated with the involvement and safety conscience (Valavanis and Vachtsevanos 2014). Types of Human Factor Integration The main concern of human factors addresses the issues of the task or the characteristics of the activity. The judgment of the human error evidently depends on the positive and the negative features of the particular task. In the case of aviation industry, the attributes and the surrounding environmental engagements matter which affects the final result of the integration system involving human and ergonomic factors all of which are inclined by the wider societal concern, both local and national. There are two types of human factor integration. The examples of good and bad types are as follows: Good Examples: The tools of integrating human factors those are available at the disposal of lay practitioners and specialists are as extensive as the wide discipline of aviation engineering. There have been several ways recommended to perform the said integration; however, the best example of Human Factors Integration is that which stops adding expense to the industry and is cost effective. When integration of human factors is based on practical knowledge and experience, it is very likely to turn out as commercial benefitting the industry (Grosse et al. 2015). Another example of good HFI integration is which increases the efficiency of the system by focusing precisely on human safety in operation. It is very important to ensure the safety factor in operating the system engineering. In addition, it is important to make certain that the technological equipments run hassle free and the best possible service is provided. Bad Examples: In the aviation industry, there are various aspects of human integration or design. Starting from manufacturing to the services on board, everywhere the human integration is the most important part of the process. The human integration has both the good and bad determining factors. The examples of bad human integration can be broadly classified as the human errors. The errors caused by humans are the reasons behind almost 70% of the commercial hull-loss accidents. Not only in flight operations, but the errors are major concerns in the maintenance and air traffic management also. The aviation industry applies the skills of human resources in all types of profile to achieve the perfect integration of safety and comfort during the travel. The system of life cycle of the commercial aircraft production consists of the following phases. Those are Manufacturing, testing, operation and maintenance (Daramola 2016). There design principles are: the compatibility of the systems with capabilities and limitations of the human resources; the power of the system to recover from any human error by blocking, detecting and minimizing the human errors; and utilization of human capabilities in the unpredicted and non-routine situations in the system. The life cycles of an aircraft and the design principles are all interconnected, and it hugely depends on the human integration. It is often termed as Crew Resource Management (CRM). The areas of CRM are: flight deck design; maintenance and support; management of errors and designing passenger cabin (SATOW 2017). The bad human integration examples may include: error in designing, not considering the safety issues, not catering to the passenger comfort, not giving proper support to the cus tomers when needed, not providing help during any emergency, negligence in service, bad services and behavior towards the passengers on board. Any of these can lead to disasters in the aviation industry. Reference Aviation Safety Thought Leadership. (2017). Baines Simmons https://www.bainessimmons.com/papers/ Barfield, W. and Dingus, T.A., 2014.Human factors in intelligent transportation systems. Psychology Press. Booher, H.R., 2013.Handbook of human systems integration(Vol. 23). John Wiley Sons. Cacciabue, P.C., 2013.Guide to applying human factors methods: Human error and accident management in safety-critical systems. Springer Science Business Media. Crichton, M., O'Connor, P. and Flin, R., 2013.Safety at the Sharp End: A Guide to Non-Technical Skills. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Daramola, A.Y., 2014. An investigation of air accidents in Nigeria using the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework.Journal of Air Transport Management,35, pp.39-50. Dekker, S., 2014.The field guide to understanding'human error'. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Dekker, S.W., 2015. The danger of losing situation awareness.Cognition, Technology Work,17(2), pp.159-161. Grosse, E.H., Glock, C.H., Jaber, M.Y. and Neumann, W.P., 2015. Incorporating human factors in order picking planning models: framework and research opportunities.International Journal of Production Research,53(3), pp.695-717. Human factors/ergonomics Introduction to human factors. (2017). Hse.gov.uk. https://www.hse.gov.uk/humanfactors/introduction.htm Portal:Human Factors - SKYbrary Aviation Safety. (2017). Skybrary.aero. https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Portal:Human_Factors#Description Reason, J.T., 2008.The human contribution: unsafe acts, accidents and heroic recoveries. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Stanton, N., Salmon, P.M. and Rafferty, L.A., 2013.Human factors methods: a practical guide for engineering and design. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Valavanis, K.P. and Vachtsevanos, G.J., 2014.Handbook of unmanned aerial vehicles. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Wise, J.A., Hopkin, V.D. and Stager, P. eds., 2013.Verification and validation of complex systems: Human factors issues(Vol. 110). Springer Science Business Media.

The Relationship between Advertising Industry and Media in 20th Century free essay sample

Introduction Advertising is a key for the economy of consumers. Without it, people would face difficulty knowing what services and products are available. Adverting indeed is vital to a prosperous social order. It is also the financial basis of important contemporary mass media (John Vivian, 1997: 315). Advertising performs the dual role of informing and entertaining in the media. It informs us of the products and services that are available for us to buy and use. Along the way, it also entertains us with some amusement, witty, or clever use of words and photos. Media advertising has another vital function. It helps offset the price of the media communication itself to customers. If we didn’t have ads on radio or television, the expense of programming would need to return through taxes, government monies, or sponsorships (Helen Katz, 2003: 5-7). Advertisers know the value of product placement. As the personal media turned into the standard and mass media fragment, advertisers are again trying how they reach consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Advertising Industry and Media in 20th Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More dollars of total advertising budgets are diverted to more targeted technologies while a smaller percentage will be spent on traditional media. Data mining and personalized electronic approaches are increasingly critical to marketplace success. Researchers and advertisers used data mining process to see what websites a person visits, what media the consumer uses, what did she/he buy and other to uncover economic data and demographic to define and classify prospective customers. Looking out databases for prior purchase information and assumptions concerning spending habits based on each home’s location, provides advertisers with clues on how to focus on specific customers (Peter B. et al, 2007. P. 254). For many decades, the newspaper, magazine, radio and television media have been the main sources for manufacturers to advertise their products (Wilson, James and Wilson, Stan Le Roy. 998. P. 319). In this essay, we are going to find out how has the relationship between media and advertising changed in 20th century? And how both worked together? Our focus will be on radio, television and Internet, because they came to exist in 20th century and had a big influence on the world of advertising. After giving a short history of advertising, we will discuss them one by one. History of Advertising The first advertising was oral, in ancient times used by barkers in the marketplace shouting the wares of merchants. Nowadays some advertisements are still oral. If we tune in television we will hear barkers shouting the stuff of automobile dealers. The history of outdoor advertising can go back to posted notices on papyrus in ancient Egypt for runaway slaves. Notices of runaway slaves and bond servants, with rewards offered, may have been the first written advertising, instead of something for sale. During all the centuries of slavery such notices were posted for the logical reason that these valuable pieces of property did not enjoy their lifes condition (Irving Fang, 1997: 61). Even at this early point in the history, advertisements were of key importance, when it came to informing consumers about new products. Coffee is one of such example; in the Middle East coffee was introduced as a drink for the first time, in the fifteenth century. The quick spread of coffee as both a drink and a pattern of behaviour (coffeehouses became social gathering places) advertising of coffees benefits was taking a huge place in newspapers (Mediaknowall). Advertising agency was another facet of advertising in the late nineteenth century, an American phenomenon which spread to Europe and then all over the world. The notion of agency began earlier in the century in France, where newspaper publishers considered the acceptance of ads directly from advertisers as beneath their dignity. Instead, they retailed space in bulk to contractors who sold the space to those with goods to sell. Later on, this concept was adopted by American agencies (Fang, 1997: 62). Wilson and Le Roy Wilson declare that establishing the first advertising agency goes to Volney Palmer, who started the agency in Philadelphia in 1841. By 1870, however, N. W. Ayer, the Americas oldest ad agency functioning today, began representing advertisers, helping them get the best results for their advertising dollars (1998: 296). In the World War II many civilian firms cut back on their advertising budgets. Others simply changed the content of their ads and instructed consumers how to make their products last until after the war instead of selling their products . The growth of advertising can be described as fantastic from the end of the war in 1945 to the late 1980s. The exchange from a war economy to a consumer economy encouraged a spurt in advertising as manufacturers hurried to get the order for all the goods and services that people had gave up buying because of the war (Joseph R. Dominick, 1990: 366). By the 1950s, advertising in its own right was considered as a profession, not just the remit of newspapermen or poets who were unsuccessful. It draw the attention both men and women who wanted to enjoy using their creativity in order to make some serious cash. Hard-working, hard drinking, unconventional and often amoral, the flannel suited Ad Man became a recognisable archetype, the personification of a new kind of cool (Mediaknowall). The period from 1950 to 1975, saw the incredible increasing 490 percent amount of money which spent on advertising. Also during this period a number of significant developments took place. TV’s growth which was of the most important significant developments as a national advertising medium had an impact on both radio and magazines. Radio became a medium and primarily used by local advertisers. Magazines that designed for particular audiences attracted more advertisers, but general publications (such as Colliers and Look) were unable to compete with TV and finally went under. Also in this period, the consumer became a more powerful force in the Responding marketplace. To increased consumer pressure, during the 1970s the Federal Trade Commission introduced corrective advertising. From 1950 to 1980, direct advertising which was done mostly through the mail, increased by more than 800percent. This increase was due to the growth of computerized mailing lists the expanded use of credit card shopping, and the coming out of the telephone as a marketing tool. Finally, the advertisers have become more stylish in their methods appreciation goes back to the emergence of computers and other electronic data processing devices. (R. Dominick, 1990: 366) Types of media like newspaper, magazine, radio and television were the main sources for manufacturers to advertise their products but that began changing in the 1980s and 1990s. For example, in the 1980s some advertisers like Coca Cola began operating commercials in theaters before showing the coming attraction trailers; the aim was targeting untapped audience of moviegoers. The reaction of clients was not too positive. In a 1988 survey, one-third of the audiences stated that they favored the advertising in movie theaters one-third were opposed to, and one-third didnt care. By1996, a similar survey found that between two-thirds and three-quarters of movie goers only 2 to 3 percent objected the commercials and others all liked it. By increasing the advertising time to follow the lead of European nations was the next step. At that time theater patrons in France could expect to see an average of 20 minutes of advertising before the movies started. And England was running around 7 minutes of commercials in movie houses. During the1990s the traditional media also became concerned as many large department store chains turned to the World Wide Web not only to advertise their products using the Internet for mail orders but also to sell them (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 319). Advertising and radio The 1920s was the beginning of radio as an advertising medium. Radio became an attractive vehicle for national advertisers by the rise of network broadcasting. About $27 million was spent on network advertising by 1930, and advertising agencies were responsible of producing the most popular shows of the day. The stock market collapse of 1929 had a terrible effect on the U. S. economy. Total dollars spent on advertising dropped from $2. 8 billion in 1929 to $1. 7 billion in 1935. It would take a decade for the industry to recover (R. Dominick, 1990. P. 366). The rapid growth of radio1920s was a means of free home entertainment, the only cost after the initial purchase of a radio set was to hear such advertising as the jingle. That was no cost at all, to a population suffering the economic effects of the Depression. Prices were not mentioned in radio ads until 1932. Catchy tunes like â€Å"Pepsi cola hits the spot, twelve full thats ounces, a lot † spun around in peoples heads as often as any song on the Hit Parade. Jingles even appeared in outdoor advertisements, such as the famous Burma Shave signs that motorists read, line after line, as they sped along the American highways (Fang, 1997: 64). The Queensboro Realty Company in 1922 for five radio talks that praised the benefits of living in the country paid $300. Immediately after that other companies realized the advertising potential of this system and followed suit. Other stations began to copy arrangement, and broadcasting would be supported by advertising, so the problem of financing radio was solved (R. Dominick, 1990: 178). The idea of broadcasting commercials in 1922 took a little selling. Broadcasters worried about how the government which licensed them, would feel about what Herbert Hoover and after that Secretary of Commerce referred to as being â€Å"drowned in advertising chatter†. Broad casters and advertisers also worried about ads that spread without having control on them or without anyone having any idea about who was getting the message and what effect it was having, or whether any one at all was paying attention. An answer that was comforting came when a commercial for Mineralava cosmetics offered a free photo of actress Marion Davies, who had spoken about How I Make Up for the Movies. † Many requests poured in from listeners. Albert Lasker, an important figure in advertising industry during the first half of the twentieth century, heavily led his agency, Lord Thomas, into radio. Many of the early radio shows were produced by Lasker’s agency including the most popular of all, Amos ‘n’ Andy (Fang, 1997: 64). Reasonably inexpensive, radio lends itself to repeated play of advertisements to drive home a message introduced in more expensive media like television. Nonetheless, radio does not propose any opportunities for the visual display. Radio lends itself to jingles that can contribute to a lasting image. Even though the images listeners create in their minds from audio suggestions can be more effective than those set out visually on television. (Vivian, 1997: 322) Television and advertising Televising Advertising Jingles typified an effort to be creative, to make an ad something more than the notification that goods were for sale. Advertisers acknowledged, before most of the rest of society did, that is to be expected for the public to remember something enjoyable. That helps to explain for people who have seen the same commercial many times sit entranced to watch it again without getting bored. It is also when the program is on why a child who runs off will come back running for the commercial. More thought, cold cash, effort, and energy go into television commercials nowadays than into television programs. (Fang, 1997: 64-65) TVs prospective as an advertising medium wasnt realized until 1948, although J. Walter Thompson agency in 1930 was the one first aired the television commercial. The advertisers name has been carried by many early programs, such as Milton Berles popular Texaco Star Theater the Camel News Caravan and The Hallmark Hall of Fame (which is still on the air today), because there was only for the one sponsor total program. Soon the masses in the United States preferred the Television advertising medium among other adverting medium (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 298). Television can offer unmatched impact, as a moving and visual medium, and the rapid growth of both network and local television advertising, far outpacing other media, indicates its success in reaching a diverse mass audience. Drawbacks include the fact that production costs can be high (Vivian, 1997: 322). In the 1980s, a new form of electronic advertising developed: direct-response home shopping services with the development of cable and satellite TV. These cable networks (HSN, QVC, etc. ) sell on sale products directly to consumers, who telephone in their orders to banks of operators. Home-shopping networks pay a percentage of the profits from sales generated in their viewing area to the cable operators, instead of buying air time from these cable operators. This type of direct selling is expected to take on new dimensions when interactive-TV and virtual reality technologies find their position in the marketplace (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 298). Vivian states that advertisers were forced by the expense of television time to make their advertisements shorter and shorter. A result is ad clutter, a phenomenon in which advertisements compete against each other and reduce the impact of all of them (1997: 322). 15 second ads started running by all three television networks in 1986, this allowed them to reduce the cost of per ad, and then they could run ads twice more than before, and maintain revenue levels. The 15-second advertisements called â€Å"15s† posed a new creative challenge to the industry: covering a powerful message in half the time and they were still able to sell the product to the consumer. The popularity of 15s started to decline by the early 1990s, and they could only represent 32 percent of the market. (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 310) Advertising and Internet Gary Thuerk was the creator of the first spam email advertisement ever to hit the inbox, also known as the father of spam, not a very inspiring title (â€Å"The History of Online Advertising†). The earliest documented junk e-mailing was written May 1 but It was sent May 3, 1978 (Brad Templeton). In the year 1980 the time Usenet, which was an online debate forum where people were capable of posting messages on new groups, was created, it used to get flooded with new posts, but as soon as the spam and mass messaging was introduced, people were sending out huge number of emails (â€Å"The History of Online Advertising†). Rachel argued that the first online advertisement appeared on the web in 1994, prompting the starting of the online advertising world. The period of experimentation by the advertisers and publishers was the first part, pioneering on ad formats and technology. DoubleClick was one of the first ad-serving technologies which was launched in 1995, (2011). The quick growing world of computers during the 1990s also brought about a new arena for advertising: the World Wide Web. Like other newspapers in the mid 1990s, the San Jose, California Mercury News founded a news Web site on the Internet. Editors put news from the newspaper on the Web site, thus people with computers were able to select news online. Every time an electronic reader tapped into Mercury Center, as the Mercurys Web site dubbed it was recorded as a hit. (Vivian, 1997: 322) During the first half of 1996, companies spent around $66. 7 million to advertise on the web with two-thirds of the spending coming from computer and telecommunications companies. The two biggest advertisers were Microsoft ($2. 9 million) and Netscape ($2. 1 million) while IBM was the third largest spender (s2. 0 million) and ATT (s17 million came in sixth. Toyota was the 13th largest web advertiser. In the meantime, a major U. S. cereal company started dabbling in this new technology in 1996. Kellogg Company launched what was seen as the worlds largest test of interactive TV advertising. (Wilson and Le Roy, 1998: 298) In 1995, Mercury Center was receiving 325,000 hits per a day, compared with the 270. 000 circulation of the newsprint product. The potential of web sites as advertising vehicles has not been lost on newspapers or other organizations including ATT and Microsoft, which also have established news sites online. Obviously, one pro of online advertising is that readers can click deeper and deeper levels of information about advertised goods Much more information can be packed into a layered online message than within the space and time limits of a print or broadcast ad (Vivian, 1997: 322). Conclusion In this study, we attempted to a good extent to discuss the main changes and developments in advertising and its relation with mass media. As we mentioned previously that adverting is essential to a prosperous social order. It is also the financial basis of important contemporary mass media. For many decades, the newspaper, magazine, radio and television media have been the main sources for manufacturers to advertise their products and goods. The major advent in the beginning of 20th century was radio as an advertising medium. The rise of network broadcasting made radio attractive vehicle for national advertisers. Also, radio freed advertising from its relationship to literacy by communicating through music, jingles, and the spoken word. Advertising agencies were not persuaded at first, but soon radio became their new medium and advertisers discovered its seemingly endless possibilities. Next, television arrived, and its rise was a significant improvement as a national advertising medium. TVs progress had an influence on both radio and magazines. Radio became a medium used primarily by local advertisers. Magazines that intended for specific audiences attracted more advertisers. Later on, in the late of the century, the quickly increasing world of computers during the 1990s also introduced a new ground for advertising: the World Wide Web. Like other newspapers in the mid 1990s. The quick growth of the Internet as a consumer medium was huge in the history of media. As a result, we found out how has the relationship between media and advertising changed in 20th century.

Acid Rains essays

Acid Rains essays Scientific evidence has shown that atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen compounds can harm ecosystems. Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA or the Act) addresses the problem of such effects by mandating reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, the major precursors of acidic deposition. Coupled with Titles I and II of the Act, which address new and existing stationary and mobile sources of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, implementation of Title IV is expected to provide significant benefits to the United States and Canada. These benefits include decreases in the acidity of lakes and streams, concomitant improvements in fish population diversity and health, decreases in soil degradation and forest stress, improvements in visibility (especially to scenic vistas), decreases in damage to materials and cultural resources, and a reduction in human health effects. Congress included Section 404 in Title IV (Appendix B of the Act) requiring the Environmenta l Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) to provide a report to Congress on the feasibility and effectiveness of an acid deposition standard or standards to protect sensitive and critically sensitive aquatic and terrestrial resources. Specifically, Congress listed six areas to be addressed in the report: Identification of sensitive and critically sensitive aquatic and terrestrial resources in the U.S. and Canada which may be affected by the deposition of acidic compounds; Description and specification of a numeric value for an acid deposition standard sufficient to protect such resources; Description of the use of such standard or standards in other Nations or by any of the several States in acidic deposition control programs; Description of measures that would be needed to integrate such standard or standards with the control program required by Title IV of the Clean Air Act; Description of the sta...

Art Mediums Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Research Paper

Art Mediums Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Water Color Painting - Research Paper Example The paper "Art Mediums Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Water Color Painting" discovers the Collage Making, Charcoal Drawing, Acrylic Painting and Water Color Painting - four art mediums. Collage making involves a lot of creativity. Pieces can be put together in a number of ways to create two different types of collage; two dimensional collage, and three dimensional collage. When pieces of paper are glued on the canvas or base-board, we get a two dimensional look; this is a 2D collage. Three dimensional look or 3D collage is obtained when broken pieces of wood, glass, stones etc., are glued on a base-board or canvas. As early as 1912, some great artist such as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, and Juan Gris were already doing some amazing collage art. Just like any other form of art, collage is not difficult once you understand the technique and theme, it only becomes complex or simpler depending on what one as an artist is trying to achieve. Below are some sample collage artwork by some famous contemporary artists of the 20th century. Charcoal is undisputedly one of the oldest art materials so is charcoal drawing. Our ancestors used charcoal to draw on cave walls. Charcoal is very easy to manufacture and thus it is an essential artistic tool. Since it is made from selected woods in little or no oxygen conditions, charcoal as an artistic material is stable over a long period of time. However, charcoal has less color saturation when compared to other artistic materials. which have greater saturation but do not last long (Goldman 71). One major disadvantage of using is its dusting-off tendency. Despite this, charcoal drawing as an artistic medium is superb. The sensitivity and spontaneity of using charcoal as a drawing medium gives charcoal drawing an edge above the other drawing media (Fitzgerald 55-63). With charcoal drawing, very painterly drawings, as if done using a brush can be made. Charcoal drawing is so responsive, direct, and fast and is considered to be a less inhibiting medium. Charcoal drawing can produce both fluid and bold lines with greater host of textures as well as fine gradations for shadings. Several drawing techniques such as gestural drawing, contour drawing, and volume drawing can be used with charcoal. The soft nature of charcoal gives an artist a painterly feel. Charcoal is the only drawing medium which gives an artist the ability to imitate Chinese ink brush painting. This is because it is easy for an artist to imitate the contour lines o a Chinese painting in charcoal. With charcoal drawing, an artist is able to gesture without doing big shapes and getting down into detail. Just as many other drawing media, charcoal strongly responds to grain of the paper it is used on. Acrylic painting This painting medium is one of the newest. It was introduced as recent as 1955. Since its introduction, acrylic paintings have come a long way and now there is a wide-range of paints. Acrylic painting is a paint ing technique that offers both experienced and new artist a very flexible painting method. It is a water-based painting medium. The consistency and the usual texture of acrylic paintings is some-what similar to that of oil-paints. However, acrylics are available in a variety of densities unlike oils. They range from ink-like, very thin consistency that can be used in air brushes to various flow degree. This enables an artist to achieve 3Dlike effects (impasto). This